A company has an application that uses dozens of Amazon DynamoDB tables to store data. Auditors find that the tables do not comply with the company's data protection policy.
The company's retention policy states that all data must be backed up twice each month: once at midnight on the 15th day of the month and again at midnight on the 25th day of the month. The company must retain the backups for 3 months.
Which combination of steps should a security engineer take to meet these requirements? (Choose two.)

A. Use the DynamoDB on-demand backup capability to create a backup plan. Configure a lifecycle policy to expire backups after 3 months.

B. Use AWS DataSync to create a backup plan. Add a backup rule that includes a retention period of 3 months.

C. Use AWS Backup to create a backup plan. Add a backup rule that includes a retention period of 3 months.

D. Set the backup frequency by using a cron schedule expression. Assign each DynamoDB table to the backup plan.

E. Set the backup frequency by using a rate schedule expression. Assign each DynamoDB table to the backup plan.

A company has an organization in AWS Organizations. The company wants to use AWS CloudFormation StackSets in the organization to deploy various AWS design patterns into environments. These patterns consist of Amazon EC2 instances, Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) load balancers, Amazon RDS databases, and Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (Amazon EKS) clusters or Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS) clusters.
Currently, the company’s developers can create their own CloudFormation stacks to increase the overall speed of delivery. A centralized CI/CD pipeline in a shared services AWS account deploys each CloudFormation stack.
The company's security team has already provided requirements for each service in accordance with internal standards. If there are any resources that do not comply with the internal standards, the security team must receive notification to take appropriate action. The security team must implement a notification solution that gives developers the ability to maintain the same overall delivery speed that they currently have.
Which solution will meet these requirements in the MOST operationally efficient way?

A. Create an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic. Subscribe the security team’s email addresses to the SNS topic. Create a custom AWS Lambda function that will run the aws cloudformation validate-template AWS CLI command on all CloudFormation templates before the build stage in the CI/CD pipeline. Configure the CI/CD pipeline to publish a notification to the SNS topic if any issues are found.

B. Create an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic. Subscribe the security team’s email addresses to the SNS topic. Create custom rules in CloudFormation Guard for each resource configuration. In the CI/CD pipeline, before the build stage, configure a Docker image to run the cfn-guard command on the CloudFormation template. Configure the CI/CD pipeline to publish a notification to the SNS topic if any issues are found.

C. Create an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic and an Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS) queue. Subscribe the security team’s email addresses to the SNS topic. Create an Amazon S3 bucket in the shared services AWS account. Include an event notification to publish to the SQS queue when new objects are added to the S3 bucket. Require the developers to put their CloudFormation templates in the S3 bucket. Launch EC2 instances that automatically scale based on the SQS queue depth. Configure the EC2 instances to use CloudFormation Guard to scan the templates and deploy the templates if there are no issues. Configure the CI/CD pipeline to publish a notification to the SNS topic if any issues are found.

D. Create a centralized CloudFormation stack set that includes a standard set of resources that the developers can deploy in each AWS account. Configure each CloudFormation template to meet the security requirements. For any new resources or configurations, update the CloudFormation template and send the template to the security team for review. When the review is completed, add the new CloudFormation stack to the repository for the developers to use.

A company is migrating one of its legacy systems from an on-premises data center to AWS. The application server will run on AWS, but the database must remain in the on-premises data center for compliance reasons. The database is sensitive to network latency. Additionally, the data that travels between the on-premises data center and AWS must have IPsec encryption.
Which combination of AWS solutions will meet these requirements? (Choose two.)

A. AWS Site-to-Site VPN

B. AWS Direct Connect

C. AWS VPN CloudHub

D. VPC peering

E. NAT gateway

A security engineer needs to develop a process to investigate and respond to potential security events on a company's Amazon EC2 instances. All the EC2 instances are backed by Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS). The company uses AWS Systems Manager to manage all the EC2 instances and has installed Systems Manager Agent (SSM Agent) on all the EC2 instances.
The process that the security engineer is developing must comply with AWS security best practices and must meet the following requirements:
A compromised EC2 instance's volatile memory and non-volatile memory must be preserved for forensic purposes.
A compromised EC2 instance's metadata must be updated with corresponding incident ticket information.
A compromised EC2 instance must remain online during the investigation but must be isolated to prevent the spread of malware.
Any investigative activity during the collection of volatile data must be captured as part of the process.
Which combination of steps should the security engineer take to meet these requirements with the LEAST operational overhead? (Choose three.)

A. Gather any relevant metadata for the compromised EC2 instance. Enable termination protection. Isolate the instance by updating the instance’s security groups to restrict access. Detach the instance from any Auto Scaling groups that the instance is a member of. Deregister the instance from any Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) resources.

B. Gather any relevant metadata for the compromised EC2 instance. Enable termination protection. Move the instance to an isolation subnet that denies all source and destination traffic. Associate the instance with the subnet to restrict access. Detach the instance from any Auto Scaling groups that the instance is a member of. Deregister the instance from any Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) resources.

C. Use Systems Manager Run Command to invoke scripts that collect volatile data.

D. Establish a Linux SSH or Windows Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) session to the compromised EC2 instance to invoke scripts that collect volatile data.

E. Create a snapshot of the compromised EC2 instance’s EBS volume for follow-up investigations. Tag the instance with any relevant metadata and incident ticket information.

F. Create a Systems Manager State Manager association to generate an EBS volume snapshot of the compromised EC2 instance. Tag the instance with any relevant metadata and incident ticket information.

A security engineer is configuring a new website that is named example.com. The security engineer wants to secure communications with the website by requiring users to connect to example.com through HTTPS.
Which of the following is a valid option for storing SSL/TLS certificates?

A. Custom SSL certificate that is stored in AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS)

B. Default SSL certificate that is stored in Amazon CloudFront

C. Custom SSL certificate that is stored in AWS Certificate Manager (ACM)

D. Default SSL certificate that is stored in Amazon S3

A company has an AWS Lambda function that creates image thumbnails from larger images. The Lambda function needs read and write access to an Amazon S3 bucket in the same AWS account.
Which solutions will provide the Lambda function this access? (Choose two.)

A. Create an IAM user that has only programmatic access. Create a new access key pair. Add environmental variables to the Lambda function with the access key ID and secret access key. Modify the Lambda function to use the environmental variables at run time during communication with Amazon S3.

B. Generate an Amazon EC2 key pair. Store the private key in AWS Secrets Manager. Modify the Lambda function to retrieve the private key from Secrets Manager and to use the private key during communication with Amazon S3.

C. Create an IAM role for the Lambda function. Attach an IAM policy that allows access to the S3 bucket.

D. Create an IAM role for the Lambda function. Attach a bucket policy to the S3 bucket to allow access. Specify the function’s IAM role as the principal.

E. Create a security group. Attach the security group to the Lambda function. Attach a bucket policy that allows access to the S3 bucket through the security group ID.

A security engineer is designing an IAM policy to protect AWS API operations. The policy must enforce multi-factor authentication (MFA) for IAM users to access certain services in the AWS production account. Each session must remain valid for only 2 hours. The current version of the IAM policy is as follows:
 
Which combination of conditions must the security engineer add to the IAM policy to meet these requirements? (Choose two.)

A. “Bool”: {“aws:MultiFactorAuthPresent”: “true”}

B. “Bool”: {“aws:MultiFactorAuthPresent”: “false”}

C. “NumericLessThan”: {“aws:MultiFactorAuthAge”: “7200”}

D. “NumericGreaterThan”: {“aws:MultiFactorAuthAge”: “7200”}

E. “NumericLessThan”: {“MaxSessionDuration”: “7200”}

An international company has established a new business entity in South Korea. The company also has established a new AWS account to contain the workload for the South Korean region. The company has set up the workload in the new account in the ap-northeast-2 Region. The workload consists of three Auto Scaling groups of Amazon EC2 instances. All workloads that operate in this Region must keep system logs and application logs for 7 years.
A security engineer must implement a solution to ensure that no logging data is lost for each instance during scaling activities. The solution also must keep the logs for only the required period of 7 years.
Which combination of steps should the security engineer take to meet these requirements? (Choose three.)

A. Ensure that the Amazon CloudWatch agent is installed on all the EC2 instances that the Auto Scaling groups launch. Generate a CloudWatch agent configuration file to forward the required logs to Amazon CloudWatch Logs.

B. Set the log retention for desired log groups to 7 years.

C. Attach an IAM role to the launch configuration or launch template that the Auto Scaling groups use. Configure the role to provide the necessary permissions to forward logs to Amazon CloudWatch Logs.

D. Attach an IAM role to the launch configuration or launch template that the Auto Scaling groups use. Configure the role to provide the necessary permissions to forward logs to Amazon S3.

E. Ensure that a log forwarding application is installed on all the EC2 instances that the Auto Scaling groups launch. Configure the log forwarding application to periodically bundle the logs and forward the logs to Amazon S3.

F. Configure an Amazon S3 Lifecycle policy on the target S3 bucket to expire objects after 7 years.

A company wants to receive an email notification about critical findings in AWS Security Hub. The company does not have an existing architecture that supports this functionality.
Which solution will meet the requirement?

A. Create an AWS Lambda function to identify critical Security Hub findings. Create an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic as the target of the Lambda function. Subscribe an email endpoint to the SNS topic to receive published messages.

B. Create an Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose delivery stream. Integrate the delivery stream with Amazon EventBridge. Create an EventBridge rule that has a filter to detect critical Security Hub findings. Configure the delivery stream to send the findings to an email address.

C. Create an Amazon EventBridge rule to detect critical Security Hub findings. Create an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic as the target of the EventBridge rule. Subscribe an email endpoint to the SNS topic to receive published messages.

D. Create an Amazon EventBridge rule to detect critical Security Hub findings. Create an Amazon Simple Email Service (Amazon SES) topic as the target of the EventBridge rule. Use the Amazon SES API to format the message. Choose an email address to be the recipient of the message.

Company A has an AWS account that is named Account A. Company A recently acquired Company B, which has an AWS account that is named Account B. Company B stores its files in an Amazon S3 bucket. The administrators need to give a user from Account A full access to the S3 bucket in Account B.
After the administrators adjust the IAM permissions for the user in Account A to access the S3 bucket in Account B, the user still cannot access any files in the S3 bucket.
Which solution will resolve this issue?

A. In Account B, create a bucket ACL to allow the user from Account A to access the S3 bucket in Account B.

B. In Account B, create an object ACL to allow the user from Account A to access all the objects in the S3 bucket in Account B.

C. In Account B, create a bucket policy to allow the user from Account A to access the S3 bucket in Account B.

D. In Account B, create a user policy to allow the user from Account A to access the S3 bucket in Account B.

A company has deployed Amazon GuardDuty and now wants to implement automation for potential threats. The company has decided to start with RDP brute force attacks that come from Amazon EC2 instances in the company's AWS environment. A security engineer needs to implement a solution that blocks the detected communication from a suspicious instance until investigation and potential remediation can occur.
Which solution will meet these requirements?

A. Configure GuardDuty to send the event to an Amazon Kinesis data stream. Process the event with an Amazon Kinesis Data Analytics for Apache Flink application that sends a notification to the company through Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS). Add rules to the network ACL to block traffic to and from the suspicious instance.

B. Configure GuardDuty to send the event to Amazon EventBridge. Deploy an AWS WAF web ACL. Process the event with an AWS Lambda function that sends a notification to the company through Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) and adds a web ACL rule to block traffic to and from the suspicious instance.

C. Enable AWS Security Hub to ingest GuardDuty findings and send the event to Amazon EventBridge. Deploy AWS Network Firewall. Process the event with an AWS Lambda function that adds a rule to a Network Firewall firewall policy to block traffic to and from the suspicious instance.

D. Enable AWS Security Hub to ingest GuardDuty findings. Configure an Amazon Kinesis data stream as an event destination for Security Hub. Process the event with an AWS Lambda function that replaces the security group of the suspicious instance with a security group that does not allow any connections.

A company has an AWS account that hosts a production application. The company receives an email notification that Amazon GuardDuty has detected an Impact:IAMUser/AnomalousBehavior finding in the account. A security engineer needs to run the investigation playbook for this security incident and must collect and analyze the information without affecting the application.
Which solution will meet these requirements MOST quickly?

A. Log in to the AWS account by using read-only credentials. Review the GuardDuty finding for details about the IAM credentials that were used. Use the IAM console to add a DenyAll policy to the IAM principal.

B. Log in to the AWS account by using read-only credentials. Review the GuardDuty finding to determine which API calls initiated the finding. Use Amazon Detective to review the API calls in context.

C. Log in to the AWS account by using administrator credentials. Review the GuardDuty finding for details about the IAM credentials that were used. Use the IAM console to add a DenyAll policy to the IAM principal.

D. Log in to the AWS account by using read-only credentials. Review the GuardDuty finding to determine which API calls initiated the finding. Use AWS CloudTrail Insights and AWS CloudTrail Lake to review the API calls in context.

A company needs a security engineer to implement a scalable solution for multi-account authentication and authorization. The solution should not introduce additional user-managed architectural components. Native AWS features should be used as much as possible. The security engineer has set up AWS Organizations with all features activated and AWS IAM Identity Center (AWS Single Sign-On) enabled.
Which additional steps should the security engineer take to complete the task?

A. Use AD Connector to create users and groups for all employees that require access to AWS accounts. Assign AD Connector groups to AWS accounts and link to the IAM roles in accordance with the employees’ job functions and access requirements. Instruct employees to access AWS accounts by using the AWS Directory Service user portal.

B. Use an IAM Identity Center default directory to create users and groups for all employees that require access to AWS accounts. Assign groups to AWS accounts and link to permission sets in accordance with the employees’ job functions and access requirements. Instruct employees to access AWS accounts by using the IAM Identity Center user portal.

C. Use an IAM Identity Center default directory to create users and groups for all employees that require access to AWS accounts. Link IAM Identity Center groups to the IAM users present in all accounts to inherit existing permissions. Instruct employees to access AWS accounts by using the IAM Identity Center user portal.

D. Use AWS Directory Service for Microsoft Active Directory to create users and groups for all employees that require access to AWS accounts. Enable AWS Management Console access in the created directory and specify IAM Identity Center as a source of information for integrated accounts and permission sets. Instruct employees to access AWS accounts by using the AWS Directory Service user portal.

A company has a legacy application that runs on a single Amazon EC2 instance. A security audit shows that the application has been using an IAM access key within its code to access an Amazon S3 bucket that is named DOC-EXAMPLE-BUCKET1 in the same AWS account. This access key pair has the s3:GetObject permission to all objects in only this S3 bucket. The company takes the application offline because the application is not compliant with the company’s security policies for accessing other AWS resources from Amazon EC2.
A security engineer validates that AWS CloudTrail is turned on in all AWS Regions. CloudTrail is sending logs to an S3 bucket that is named DOC-EXAMPLE-BUCKET2. This S3 bucket is in the same AWS account as DOC-EXAMPLE-BUCKET1. However, CloudTrail has not been configured to send logs to Amazon CloudWatch Logs.
The company wants to know if any objects in DOC-EXAMPLE-BUCKET1 were accessed with the IAM access key in the past 60 days. If any objects were accessed, the company wants to know if any of the objects that are text files (.txt extension) contained personally identifiable information (PII).
Which combination of steps should the security engineer take to gather this information? (Choose two.)

A. Use Amazon CloudWatch Logs Insights to identify any objects in DOC-EXAMPLE-BUCKET1 that contain PII and that were available to the access key.

B. Use Amazon OpenSearch Service to query the CloudTrail logs in DOC-EXAMPLE-BUCKET2 for API calls that used the access key to access an object that contained PII.

C. Use Amazon Athena to query the CloudTrail logs in DOC-EXAMPLE-BUCKET2 for any API calls that used the access key to access an object that contained PII.

D. Use AWS Identity and Access Management Access Analyzer to identify any API calls that used the access key to access objects that contained PII in DOC-EXAMPLE-BUCKET1.

E. Configure Amazon Macie to identify any objects in DOC-EXAMPLE-BUCKET1 that contain PII and that were available to the access key.

A security engineer creates an Amazon S3 bucket policy that denies access to all users. A few days later, the security engineer adds an additional statement to the bucket policy to allow read-only access to one other employee. Even after updating the policy, the employee sill receives an access denied message.
What is the likely cause of this access denial?

A. The ACL in the bucket needs to be updated.

B. The IAM policy does not allow the user to access the bucket.

C. It takes a few minutes for a bucket policy to take effect.

D. The allow permission is being overridden by the deny.

A company used a lift-and-shift approach to migrate from its on-premises data centers to the AWS Cloud. The company migrated on-premises VMs to Amazon EC2 instances. Now the company wants to replace some of components that are running on the EC2 instances with managed AWS services that provide similar functionality.
Initially, the company will transition from load balancer software that runs on EC2 instances to AWS Elastic Load Balancers. A security engineer must ensure that after this transition, all the load balancer logs are centralized and searchable for auditing. The security engineer must also ensure that metrics are generated to show which ciphers are in use.
Which solution will meet these requirements?

A. Create an Amazon CloudWatch Logs log group. Configure the load balancers to send logs to the log group. Use the CloudWatch Logs console to search the logs. Create CloudWatch Logs filters on the logs for the required metrics.

B. Create an Amazon S3 bucket. Configure the load balancers to send logs to the S3 bucket. Use Amazon Athena to search the logs that are in the S3 bucket. Create Amazon CloudWatch filters on the S3 log files for the required metrics.

C. Create an Amazon S3 bucket. Configure the load balancers to send logs to the S3 bucket. Use Amazon Athena to search the logs that are in the S3 bucket. Create Athena queries for the required metrics. Publish the metrics to Amazon CloudWatch.

D. Create an Amazon CloudWatch Logs log group. Configure the load balancers to send logs to the log group. Use the AWS Management Console to search the logs. Create Amazon Athena queries for the required metrics. Publish the metrics to Amazon CloudWatch.

A company uses AWS Organizations to manage a multi-account AWS environment in a single AWS Region. The organization's management account is named management-01. The company has turned on AWS Config in all accounts in the organization. The company has designated an account named security-01 as the delegated administrator for AWS Config.
All accounts report the compliance status of each account's rules to the AWS Config delegated administrator account by using an AWS Config aggregator. Each account administrator can configure and manage the account's own AWS Config rules to handle each account's unique compliance requirements.
A security engineer needs to implement a solution to automatically deploy a set of 10 AWS Config rules to all existing and future AWS accounts in the organization. The solution must turn on AWS Config automatically during account creation.
Which combination of steps will meet these requirements? (Choose two.)

A. Create an AWS CloudFormation template that contains the 10 required AWS Config rules. Deploy the template by using CloudFormation StackSets in the security-01 account.

B. Create a conformance pack that contains the 10 required AWS Config rules. Deploy the conformance pack from the security-01 account.

C. Create a conformance pack that contains the 10 required AWS Config rules. Deploy the conformance pack from the management-01 account.

D. Create an AWS CloudFormation template that will activate AWS Config. Deploy the template by using CloudFormation StackSets in the security-01 account.

E. Create an AWS CloudFormation template that will activate AWS Config. Deploy the template by using CloudFormation StackSets in the management-01 account.

A company uses several AWS CloudFormation stacks to handle the deployment of a suite of applications. The leader of the company's application development team notices that the stack deployments fail with permission errors when some team members try to deploy the stacks. However, other team members can deploy the stacks successfully.
The team members access the account by assuming a role that has a specific set of permissions that are necessary for the job responsibilities of the team members. All team members have permissions to perform operations on the stacks.
Which combination of steps will ensure consistent deployment of the stacks MOST securely? (Choose three.)

A. Create a service role that has a composite principal that contains each service that needs the necessary permissions. Configure the role to allow the sts:AssumeRole action.

B. Create a service role that has cloudformation.amazonaws.com as the service principal. Configure the role to allow the sts:AssumeRole action.

C. For each required set of permissions, add a separate policy to the role to allow those permissions. Add the ARN of each CloudFormation stack in the resource field of each policy.

D. For each required set of permissions, add a separate policy to the role to allow those permissions. Add the ARN of each service that needs the permissions in the resource field of the corresponding policy.

E. Update each stack to use the service role.F Add a policy to each member role to allow the iam:PassRole action. Set the policy’s resource field to the ARN of the service role.

A company has enabled Amazon GuardDuty in all AWS Regions as part of its security monitoring strategy. In one of its VPCs, the company hosts an Amazon EC2 instance that works as an FTP server. A high number of clients from multiple locations contact the FTP server. GuardDuty identifies this activity as a brute force attack because of the high number of connections that happen every hour.
The company has flagged the finding as a false positive, but GuardDuty continues to raise the issue. A security engineer must improve the signal-to-noise ratio without compromising the company's visibility of potential anomalous behavior.
Which solution will meet these requirements?

A. Disable the FTP rule in GuardDuty in the Region where the FTP server is deployed.

B. Add the FTP server to a trusted IP list. Deploy the list to GuardDuty to stop receiving the notifications.

C. Create a suppression rule in GuardDuty to filter findings by automatically archiving new findings that match the specified criteria.

D. Create an AWS Lambda function that has the appropriate permissions to delete the finding whenever a new occurrence is reported.

A security engineer is working with a company to design an ecommerce application. The application will run on Amazon EC2 instances that run in an Auto Scaling group behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB). The application will use an Amazon RDS DB instance for its database.
The only required connectivity from the internet is for HTTP and HTTPS traffic to the application. The application must communicate with an external payment provider that allows traffic only from a preconfigured allow list of IP addresses. The company must ensure that communications with the external payment provider are not interrupted as the environment scales.
Which combination of actions should the security engineer recommend to meet these requirements? (Choose three.)

A. Deploy a NAT gateway in each private subnet for every Availability Zone that is in use.

B. Place the DB instance in a public subnet.

C. Place the DB instance in a private subnet.

D. Configure the Auto Scaling group to place the EC2 instances in a public subnet.

E. Configure the Auto Scaling group to place the EC2 instances in a private subnet.

F. Deploy the ALB in a private subnet.

An ecommerce company has a web application architecture that runs primarily on containers. The application containers are deployed on Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS). The container images for the application are stored in Amazon Elastic Container Registry (Amazon ECR).
The company's security team is performing an audit of components of the application architecture. The security team identifies issues with some container images that are stored in the container repositories.
The security team wants to address these issues by implementing continual scanning and on-push scanning of the container images. The security team needs to implement a solution that makes any findings from these scans visible in a centralized dashboard. The security team plans to use the dashboard to view these findings along with other security-related findings that they intend to generate in the future. There are specific repositories that the security team needs to exclude from the scanning process.
Which solution will meet these requirements?

A. Use Amazon Inspector. Create inclusion rules in Amazon ECR to match repositories that need to be scanned. Push Amazon Inspector findings to AWS Security Hub.

B. Use ECR basic scanning of container images. Create inclusion rules in Amazon ECR to match repositories that need to be scanned. Push findings to AWS Security Hub.

C. Use ECR basic scanning of container images. Create inclusion rules in Amazon ECR to match repositories that need to be scanned. Push findings to Amazon Inspector.

D. Use Amazon Inspector. Create inclusion rules in Amazon Inspector to match repositories that need to be scanned. Push Amazon Inspector findings to AWS Config.

A company is designing a multi-account structure for its development teams. The company is using AWS Organizations and AWS IAM Identity Center (AWS Single Sign-On). The company must implement a solution so that the development teams can use only specific AWS Regions and so that each AWS account allows access to only specific AWS services.
Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST operational overhead?

A. Use IAM Identity Center to set up service-linked roles with IAM policy statements that include the Condition, Resource, and NotAction elements to allow access to only the Regions and services that are needed.

B. Deactivate AWS Security Token Service (AWS STS) in Regions that the developers are not allowed to use.

C. Create SCPs that include the Condition, Resource, and NotAction elements to allow access to only the Regions and services that are needed.

D. For each AWS account, create tailored identity-based policies for IAM Identity Center. Use statements that include the Condition, Resource, and NotAction elements to allow access to only the Regions and services that are needed.

A company has hundreds of AWS accounts in an organization in AWS Organizations. The company operates out of a single AWS Region. The company has a dedicated security tooling AWS account in the organization. The security tooling account is configured as the organization's delegated administrator for Amazon GuardDuty and AWS Security Hub. The company has configured the environment to automatically enable GuardDuty and Security Hub for existing AWS accounts and new AWS accounts.
The company is performing control tests on specific GuardDuty findings to make sure that the company's security team can detect and respond to security events. The security team launched an Amazon EC2 instance and attempted to run DNS requests against a test domain, example.com, to generate a DNS finding. However, the GuardDuty finding was never created in the Security Hub delegated administrator account.
Why was the finding was not created in the Security Hub delegated administrator account?

A. VPC flow logs were not turned on for the VPC where the EC2 instance was launched.

B. The VPC where the EC2 instance was launched had the DHCP option configured for a custom OpenDNS resolver.

C. The GuardDuty integration with Security Hub was never activated in the AWS account where the finding was generated.

D. Cross-Region aggregation in Security Hub was not configured.

A company is developing an ecommerce application. The application uses Amazon EC2 instances and an Amazon RDS MySQL database. For compliance reasons, data must be secured in transit and at rest. The company needs a solution that minimizes operational overhead and minimizes cost.
Which solution meets these requirements?

A. Use TLS certificates from AWS Certificate Manager (ACM) with an Application Load Balancer. Deploy self-signed certificates on the EC2 instances. Ensure that the database client software uses a TLS connection to Amazon RDS. Enable encryption of the RDS DB instance. Enable encryption on the Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) volumes that support the EC2 instances.

B. Use TLS certificates from a third-party vendor with an Application Load Balancer. Install the same certificates on the EC2 instances. Ensure that the database client software uses a TLS connection to Amazon RDS. Use AWS Secrets Manager for client-side encryption of application data.

C. Use AWS CloudHSM to generate TLS certificates for the EC2 instances. Install the TLS certificates on the EC2 instances. Ensure that the database client software uses a TLS connection to Amazon RDS. Use the encryption keys from CloudHSM for client-side encryption of application data.

D. Use Amazon CloudFront with AWS WAF. Send HTTP connections to the origin EC2 instances. Ensure that the database client software uses a TLS connection to Amazon RDS. Use AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) for client-side encryption of application data before the data is stored in the RDS database.

A company is expanding its group of stores. On the day that each new store opens, the company wants to launch a customized web application for that store. Each store's application will have a non-production environment and a production environment. Each environment will be deployed in a separate AWS account. The company uses AWS Organizations and has an OU that is used only for these accounts.
The company distributes most of the development work to third-party development teams. A security engineer needs to ensure that each team follows the company's deployment plan for AWS resources. The security engineer also must limit access to the deployment plan to only the developers who need access. The security engineer already has created an AWS CloudFormation template that implements the deployment plan.
What should the security engineer do next to meet the requirements in the MOST secure way?

A. Create an AWS Service Catalog portfolio in the organization’s management account. Upload the CloudFormation template. Add the template to the portfolio’s product list. Share the portfolio with the OU.

B. Use the CloudFormation CLI to create a module from the CloudFormation template. Register the module as a private extension in the CloudFormation registry. Publish the extension. In the OU, create an SCP that allows access to the extension.

C. Create an AWS Service Catalog portfolio in the organization’s management account. Upload the CloudFormation template. Add the template to the portfolio’s product list. Create an IAM role that has a trust policy that allows cross-account access to the portfolio for users in the OU accounts. Attach the AWSServiceCatalogEndUserFullAccess managed policy to the role.

D. Use the CloudFormation CLI to create a module from the CloudFormation template. Register the module as a private extension in the CloudFormation registry. Publish the extension. Share the extension with the OU.

A company uses AWS Organizations and has production workloads across multiple AWS accounts. A security engineer needs to design a solution that will proactively monitor for suspicious behavior across all the accounts that contain production workloads.
The solution must automate remediation of incidents across the production accounts. The solution also must publish a notification to an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic when a critical security finding is detected. In addition, the solution must send all security incident logs to a dedicated account.
Which solution will meet these requirements?

A. Activate Amazon GuardDuty in each production account. In a dedicated logging account, aggregate all GuardDuty logs from each production account. Remediate incidents by configuring GuardDuty to directly invoke an AWS Lambda function. Configure the Lambda function to also publish notifications to the SNS topic.

B. Activate AWS Security Hub in each production account. In a dedicated logging account, aggregate all Security Hub findings from each production account. Remediate incidents by using AWS Config and AWS Systems Manager. Configure Systems Manager to also publish notifications to the SNS topic.

C. Activate Amazon GuardDuty in each production account. In a dedicated logging account, aggregate all GuardDuty logs from each production account. Remediate incidents by using Amazon EventBridge to invoke a custom AWS Lambda function from the GuardDuty findings. Configure the Lambda function to also publish notifications to the SNS topic.

D. Activate AWS Security Hub in each production account. In a dedicated logging account, aggregate all Security Hub findings from each production account. Remediate incidents by using Amazon EventBridge to invoke a custom AWS Lambda function from the Security Hub findings. Configure the Lambda function to also publish notifications to the SNS topic.

A company is hosting a web application on Amazon EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB). The application has become the target of a DoS attack. Application logging shows that requests are coming from a small number of client IP addresses, but the addresses change regularly.
The company needs to block the malicious traffic with a solution that requires the least amount of ongoing effort.
Which solution meets these requirements?

A. Create an AWS WAF rate-based rule, and attach it to the ALB.

B. Update the security group that is attached to the ALB to block the attacking IP addresses.

C. Update the ALB subnet’s network ACL to block the attacking client IP addresses.

D. Create an AWS WAF rate-based rule, and attach it to the security group of the EC2 instances.

A team is using AWS Secrets Manager to store an application database password. Only a limited number of IAM principals within the account can have access to the secret. The principals who require access to the secret change frequently. A security engineer must create a solution that maximizes flexibility and scalability.
Which solution will meet these requirements?

A. Use a role-based approach by creating an IAM role with an inline permissions policy that allows access to the secret. Update the IAM principals in the role trust policy as required.

B. Deploy a VPC endpoint for Secrets Manager. Create and attach an endpoint policy that specifies the IAM principals that are allowed to access the secret. Update the list of IAM principals as required.

C. Use a tag-based approach by attaching a resource policy to the secret. Apply tags to the secret and the IAM principals. Use the aws:PrincipalTag and aws:ResourceTag IAM condition keys to control access.

D. Use a deny-by-default approach by using IAM policies to deny access to the secret explicitly. Attach the policies to an IAM group. Add all IAM principals to the IAM group. Remove principals from the group when they need access. Add the principals to the group again when access is no longer allowed.

A company hosts a web application on an Apache web server. The application runs on Amazon EC2 instances that are in an Auto Scaling group. The company configured the EC2 instances to send the Apache web server logs to an Amazon CloudWatch Logs group that the company has configured to expire after 1 year.
Recently, the company discovered in the Apache web server logs that a specific IP address is sending suspicious requests to the web application. A security engineer wants to analyze the past week of Apache web server logs to determine how many requests that the IP address sent and the corresponding URLs that the IP address requested.
What should the security engineer do to meet these requirements with the LEAST effort?

A. Export the CloudWatch Logs group data to Amazon S3. Use Amazon Macie to query the logs for the specific IP address and the requested URL.

B. Configure a CloudWatch Logs subscription to stream the log group to an Amazon OpenSearch Service cluster. Use OpenSearch Service to analyze the logs for the specific IP address and the requested URLs.

C. Use CloudWatch Logs Insights and a custom query syntax to analyze the CloudWatch logs for the specific IP address and the requested URLs.

D. Export the CloudWatch Logs group data to Amazon S3. Use AWS Glue to crawl the S3 bucket for only the log entries that contain the specific IP address. Use AWS Glue to view the results.

A company developed an application by using AWS Lambda, Amazon S3, Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS), and Amazon DynamoDB. An external application puts objects into the company's S3 bucket and tags the objects with date and time. A Lambda function periodically pulls data from the company's S3 bucket based on date and time tags and inserts specific values into a DynamoDB table for further processing.
The data includes personally identifiable information (PII). The company must remove data that is older than 30 days from the S3 bucket and the DynamoDB table.
Which solution will meet this requirement with the MOST operational efficiency?

A. Update the Lambda function to add a TTL S3 flag to S3 objects. Create an S3 Lifecycle policy to expire objects that are older than 30 days by using the TTL S3 flag.

B. Create an S3 Lifecycle policy to expire objects that are older than 30 days. Update the Lambda function to add the TTL attribute in the DynamoDB table. Enable TTL on the DynamoDB table to expire entries that are older than 30 days based on the TTL attribute.

C. Create an S3 Lifecycle policy to expire objects that are older than 30 days and to add all prefixes to the S3 bucket. Update the Lambda function to delete entries that are older than 30 days.

D. Create an S3 Lifecycle policy to expire objects that are older than 30 days by using object tags. Update the Lambda function to delete entries that are older than 30 days.

What are the MOST secure ways to protect the AWS account root user of a recently opened AWS account? (Choose two.)

A. Use the AWS account root user access keys instead of the AWS Management Console.

B. Enable multi-factor authentication for the AWS IAM users with the AdministratorAccess managed policy attached to them.

C. Use AWS KMS to encrypt all AWS account root user and AWS IAM access keys and set automatic rotation to 30 days.

D. Do not create access keys for the AWS account root user; instead, create AWS IAM users.

E. Enable multi-factor authentication for the AWS account root user.

While securing the connection between a company’s VPC and its on-premises data center, a security engineer sent a ping command from an on-premises host (IP address 203.0.113.12) to an Amazon EC2 instance (IP address 172.31.16.139). The ping command did not return a response. The flow log in the VPC showed the following:
 
What action should be performed to allow the ping to work?

A. In the security group of the EC2 instance, allow inbound ICMP traffic.

B. In the security group of the EC2 instance, allow outbound ICMP traffic.

C. In the VPC’s NACL, allow inbound ICMP traffic.

D. In the VPC’s NACL, allow outbound ICMP traffic.

A company is using Amazon Macie, AWS Firewall Manager, Amazon Inspector, and AWS Shield Advanced in its AWS account. The company wants to receive alerts if a DDoS attack occurs against the account.
Which solution will meet this requirement?

A. Use Macie to detect an active DDoS event. Create Amazon CloudWatch alarms that respond to Macie findings.

B. Use Amazon inspector to review resources and to invoke Amazon CloudWatch alarms for any resources that are vulnerable to DDoS attacks.

C. Create an Amazon CloudWatch alarm that monitors Firewall Manager metrics for an active DDoS event.

D. Create an Amazon CloudWatch alarm that monitors Shield Advanced metrics for an active DDoS event.

A company's security engineer has been tasked with restricting a contractor's IAM account access to the company’s Amazon EC2 console without providing access to any other AWS services. The contractor's IAM account must not be able to gain access to any other AWS service, even if the IAM account is assigned additional permissions based on IAM group membership.
What should the security engineer do to meet these requirements?

A. Create an inline IAM user policy that allows for Amazon EC2 access for the contractor’s IAM user.

B. Create an IAM permissions boundary policy that allows Amazon EC2 access. Associate the contractor’s IAM account with the IAM permissions boundary policy.

C. Create an IAM group with an attached policy that allows for Amazon EC2 access. Associate the contractor’s IAM account with the IAM group.

D. Create a IAM role that allows for EC2 and explicitly denies all other services. Instruct the contractor to always assume this role.

A company has several petabytes of data. The company must preserve this data for 7 years to comply with regulatory requirements. The company's compliance team asks a security officer to develop a strategy that will prevent anyone from changing or deleting the data.
Which solution will meet this requirement MOST cost-effectively?

A. Create an Amazon S3 bucket. Configure the bucket to use S3 Object Lock in compliance mode. Upload the data to the bucket. Create a resource-based bucket policy that meets all the regulatory requirements.

B. Create an Amazon S3 bucket. Configure the bucket to use S3 Object Lock in governance mode. Upload the data to the bucket. Create a user-based IAM policy that meets all the regulatory requirements.

C. Create a vault in Amazon S3 Glacier. Create a Vault Lock policy in S3 Glacier that meets all the regulatory requirements. Upload the data to the vault.

D. Create an Amazon S3 bucket. Upload the data to the bucket. Use a lifecycle rule to transition the data to a vault in S3 Glacier. Create a Vault Lock policy that meets all the regulatory requirements.

A company uses identity federation to authenticate users into an identity account (987654321987) where the users assume an IAM role named IdentityRole. The users then assume an IAM role named JobFunctionRole in the target AWS account (123456789123) to perform their job functions.
A user is unable to assume the IAM role in the target account. The policy attached to the role in the identity account is:
 
What should be done to enable the user to assume the appropriate role in the target account?

A. Update the IAM policy attached to the role in the identity account to be:

B. Update the trust policy on the role in the target account to be:

C. Update the trust policy on the role in the identity account to be:

D. Update the IAM policy attached to the role in the target account to be:

A company has several workloads running on AWS. Employees are required to authenticate using on-premises ADFS and SSO to access the AWS Management Console. Developers migrated an existing legacy web application to an Amazon EC2 instance. Employees need to access this application from anywhere on the internet, but currently, there is no authentication system built into the application.
How should the security engineer implement employee-only access to this system without changing the application?

A. Place the application behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB). Use Amazon Cognito as authentication for the ALB. Define a SAML-based Amazon Cognito user pool and connect it to ADFS.

B. Implement AWS IAM Identity Center (AWS Single Sign-On) in the management account and link it to ADFS as an identity provider. Define the EC2 instance as a managed resource, then apply an IAM policy on the resource.

C. Define an Amazon Cognito identity pool, then install the connector on the Active Directory server. Use the Amazon Cognito SDK on the application instance to authenticate the employees using their Active Directory user names and passwords.

D. Create an AWS Lambda custom authorizer as the authenticator for a reverse proxy on Amazon EC2. Ensure the security group on Amazon EC2 only allows access from the Lambda function.

A company is using AWS Organizations to manage multiple AWS accounts for its human resources, finance, software development, and production departments. All the company's developers are part of the software development AWS account.
The company discovers that developers have launched Amazon EC2 instances that were preconfigured with software that the company has not approved for use. The company wants to implement a solution to ensure that developers can launch EC2 instances with only approved software applications and only in the software development AWS account.
Which solution will meet these requirements?

A. In the software development account, create AMIs of preconfigured instances that include only approved software. Include the AMI IDs in the condition section of an AWS CloudFormation template to launch the appropriate AMI based on the AWS Region. Provide the developers with the CloudFormation template to launch EC2 instances in the software development account.

B. Create an Amazon EventBridge rule that runs when any EC2 RunInstances API event occurs in the software development account. Specify AWS Systems Manager Run Command as a target of the rule. Configure Run Command to run a script that will install all approved software onto the instances that the developers launch.

C. Use an AWS Service Catalog portfolio that contains EC2 products with appropriate AMIs that include only approved software. Grant the developers permission to access only the Service Catalog portfolio to launch a product in the software development account.

D. In the management account, create AMIs of preconfigured instances that include only approved software. Use AWS CloudFormation StackSets to launch the AMIs across any AWS account in the organization. Grant the developers permission to launch the stack sets within the management account.

A company discovers a billing anomaly in its AWS account. A security consultant investigates the anomaly and discovers that an employee who left the company 30 days ago still has access to the account. The company has not monitored account activity in the past.
The security consultant needs to determine which resources have been deployed or reconfigured by the employee as quickly as possible.
Which solution will meet these requirements?

A. In AWS Cost Explorer, filter chart data to display results from the past 30 days. Export the results to a data table. Group the data table by resource.

B. Use AWS Cost Anomaly Detection to create a cost monitor. Access the detection history. Set the time frame to Last 30 days. In the search area, choose the service category.

C. In AWS CloudTrail, filter the event history to display results from the past 30 days. Create an Amazon Athena table that contains the data. Partition the table by event source.

D. Use AWS Audit Manager to create an assessment for the past 30 days. Apply a usage-based framework to the assessment. Configure the assessment to assess by resource.

A company is running internal microservices on Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS) with the Amazon EC2 launch type. The company is using Amazon Elastic Container Registry (Amazon ECR) private repositories.
A security engineer needs to encrypt the private repositories by using AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS). The security engineer also needs to analyze the container images for any common vulnerabilities and exposures (CVEs).
Which solution will meet these requirements?

A. Enable KMS encryption on the existing ECR repositories. Install Amazon Inspector Agent from the ECS container instances’ user data. Run an assessment with the CVE rules.

B. Recreate the ECR repositories with KMS encryption and ECR scanning enabled. Analyze the scan report after the next push of images.

C. Recreate the ECR repositories with KMS encryption and ECR scanning enabled. Install AWS Systems Manager Agent on the ECS container instances. Run an inventory report.

D. Enable KMS encryption on the existing ECR repositories. Use AWS Trusted Advisor to check the ECS container instances and to verify the findings against a list of current CVEs.

A company's AWS CloudTrail logs are all centrally stored in an Amazon S3 bucket. The security team controls the company's AWS account. The security team must prevent unauthorized access and tampering of the CloudTrail logs.
Which combination of steps should the security team take? (Choose three.)

A. Configure server-side encryption with AWS KMS managed encryption keys (SSE-KMS).

B. Compress log files with secure gzip.

C. Create an Amazon EventBridge rule to notify the security team of any modifications on CloudTrail log files.

D. Implement least privilege access to the S3 bucket by configuring a bucket policy.

E. Configure CloudTrail log file integrity validation.

F. Configure Access Analyzer for S3.

A company has a single AWS account and uses an Amazon EC2 instance to test application code. The company recently discovered that the instance was compromised. The instance was serving up malware. The analysis of the instance showed that the instance was compromised 35 days ago.
A security engineer must implement a continuous monitoring solution that automatically notifies the company's security team about compromised instances through an email distribution list for high severity findings. The security engineer must implement the solution as soon as possible.
Which combination of steps should the security engineer take to meet these requirements? (Choose three.)

A. Enable AWS Security Hub in the AWS account.

B. Enable Amazon GuardDuty in the AWS account.

C. Create an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic. Subscribe the security team’s email distribution list to the topic.

D. Create an Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS) queue. Subscribe the security team’s email distribution list to the queue.

E. Create an Amazon EventBridge rule for GuardDuty findings of high severity. Configure the rule to publish a message to the topic.

F. Create an Amazon EventBridge rule for Security Hub findings of high severity. Configure the rule to publish a message to the queue.

A company's public Application Load Balancer (ALB) recently experienced a DDoS attack. To mitigate this issue, the company deployed Amazon CloudFront in front of the ALB so that users would not directly access the Amazon EC2 instances behind the ALB.
The company discovers that some traffic is still coming directly into the ALB and is still being handled by the EC2 instances.
Which combination of steps should the company take to ensure that the EC2 instances will receive traffic only from CloudFront? (Choose two.)

A. Configure CloudFront to add a cache key policy to allow a custom HTTP header that CloudFront sends to the ALB.

B. Configure CloudFront to add a custom HTTP header to requests that CloudFront sends to the ALB.

C. Configure the ALB to forward only requests that contain the custom HTTP header.

D. Configure the ALB and CloudFront to use the X-Forwarded-For header to check client IP addresses.

E. Configure the ALB and CloudFront to use the same X.509 certificate that is generated by AWS Certificate Manager (ACM).

A security engineer is checking an AWS CloudFormation template for vulnerabilities. The security engineer finds a parameter that has a default value that exposes an application's API key in plaintext. The parameter is referenced several times throughout the template. The security engineer must replace the parameter while maintaining the ability to reference the value in the template.
Which solution will meet these requirements in the MOST secure way?

A. Store the API key value as a SecureString parameter in AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store. In the template, replace all references to the value with {{resolve:ssm:MySSMParameterName:1}}.

B. Store the API key value in AWS Secrets Manager. In the template, replace all references to the value with {{resolve:secretsmanager:MySecretId:SecretString}}.

C. Store the API key value in Amazon DynamoDB. In the template, replace all references to the value with {{resolve:dynamodb:MyTableName:MyPrimaryKey}}.

D. Store the API key value in a new Amazon S3 bucket. In the template, replace all references to the value with {{resolve:s3:MyBucketName:MyObjectName}}.

A company's security engineer is designing an isolation procedure for Amazon EC2 instances as part of an incident response plan. The security engineer needs to isolate a target instance to block any traffic to and from the target instance, except for traffic from the company's forensics team. Each of the company's EC2 instances has its own dedicated security group. The EC2 instances are deployed in subnets of a VPC. A subnet can contain multiple instances.
The security engineer is testing the procedure for EC2 isolation and opens an SSH session to the target instance. The procedure starts to simulate access to the target instance by an attacker. The security engineer removes the existing security group rules and adds security group rules to give the forensics team access to the target instance on port 22.
After these changes, the security engineer notices that the SSH connection is still active and usable. When the security engineer runs a ping command to the public IP address of the target instance, the ping command is blocked.
What should the security engineer do to isolate the target instance?

A. Add an inbound rule to the security group to allow traffic from 0.0.0.0/0 for all ports. Add an outbound rule to the security group to allow traffic to 0.0.0.0/0 for all ports. Then immediately delete these rules.

B. Remove the port 22 security group rule. Attach an instance role policy that allows AWS Systems Manager Session Manager connections so that the forensics team can access the target instance.

C. Create a network ACL that is associated with the target instance’s subnet. Add a rule at the top of the inbound rule set to deny all traffic from 0.0.0.0/0. Add a rule at the top of the outbound rule set to deny all traffic to 0.0.0.0/0.

D. Create an AWS Systems Manager document that adds a host-level firewall rule to block all inbound traffic and outbound traffic. Run the document on the target instance.

A company has recently recovered from a security incident that required the restoration of Amazon EC2 instances from snapshots. The company uses an AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) customer managed key to encrypt all Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) snapshots.
The company performs a gap analysis of its disaster recovery procedures and backup strategies. A security engineer needs to implement a solution so that the company can recover the EC2 instances if the AWS account is compromised and the EBS snapshots are deleted.
Which solution will meet this requirement?

A. Create a new Amazon S3 bucket. Use EBS lifecycle policies to move EBS snapshots to the new S3 bucket. Use lifecycle policies to move snapshots to the S3 Glacier Instant Retrieval storage class. Use S3 Object Lock to prevent deletion of the snapshots.

B. Use AWS Systems Manager to distribute a configuration that backs up all attached disks to Amazon S3.

C. Create a new AWS account that has limited privileges. Allow the new account to access the KMS key that encrypts the EBS snapshots. Copy the encrypted snapshots to the new account on a recurring basis.

D. Use AWS Backup to copy EBS snapshots to Amazon S3. Use S3 Object Lock to prevent deletion of the snapshots.

A startup company is using a single AWS account that has resources in a single AWS Region. A security engineer configures an AWS CloudTrail trail in the same Region to deliver log files to an Amazon S3 bucket by using the AWS CLI.
Because of expansion, the company adds resources in multiple Regions. The security engineer notices that the logs from the new Regions are not reaching the S3 bucket.
What should the security engineer do to fix this issue with the LEAST amount of operational overhead?

A. Create a new CloudTrail trail. Select the new Regions where the company added resources.

B. Change the S3 bucket to receive notifications to track all actions from all Regions.

C. Create a new CloudTrail trail that applies to all Regions.

D. Change the existing CloudTrail trail so that it applies to all Regions.

A company uses Amazon RDS for MySQL as a database engine for its applications. A recent security audit revealed an RDS instance that is not compliant with company policy for encrypting data at rest. A security engineer at the company needs to ensure that all existing RDS databases are encrypted using server-side encryption and that any future deviations from the policy are detected.
Which combination of steps should the security engineer take to accomplish this? (Choose two.)

A. Create an AWS Config rule to detect the creation of unencrypted RDS databases. Create an Amazon EventBridge rule to trigger on the AWS Config rules compliance state change and use Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) to notify the security operations team.

B. Use AWS System Manager State Manager to detect RDS database encryption configuration drift. Create an Amazon EventBridge rule to track state changes and use Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) to notify the security operations team.

C. Create a read replica for the existing unencrypted RDS database and enable replica encryption in the process. Once the replica becomes active, promote it into a standalone database instance and terminate the unencrypted database instance.

D. Take a snapshot of the unencrypted RDS database. Copy the snapshot and enable snapshot encryption in the process. Restore the database instance from the newly created encrypted snapshot. Terminate the unencrypted database instance.

E. Enable encryption for the identified unencrypted RDS instance by changing the configurations of the existing database.

A security engineer is using AWS Organizations and wants to optimize SCPs. The security engineer needs to ensure that the SCPs conform to best practices.
Which approach should the security engineer take to meet this requirement?

A. Use AWS IAM Access Analyzer to analyze the polices. View the findings from policy validation checks.

B. Review AWS Trusted Advisor checks for all accounts in the organization.

C. Set up AWS Audit Manager. Run an assessment for all AWS Regions for all accounts.

D. Ensure that Amazon Inspector agents are installed on all Amazon EC2 instances in all accounts.

A company has thousands of AWS Lambda functions. While reviewing the Lambda functions, a security engineer discovers that sensitive information is being stored in environment variables and is viewable as plaintext in the Lambda console. The values of the sensitive information are only a few characters long.
What is the MOST cost-effective way to address this security issue?

A. Set up IAM policies from the Lambda console to hide access to the environment variables.

B. Use AWS Step Functions to store the environment variables. Access the environment variables at runtime. Use IAM permissions to restrict access to the environment variables to only the Lambda functions that require access.

C. Store the environment variables in AWS Secrets Manager, and access them at runtime. Use IAM permissions to restrict access to the secrets to only the Lambda functions that require access.

D. Store the environment variables in AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store as secure string parameters, and access them at runtime. Use IAM permissions to restrict access to the parameters to only the Lambda functions that require access.